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The platinum group metals (PGM) include ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir) and platinum. Of these elements, only platinum and palladium are found in a pure form in nature. The others occur in nature as natural alloys with platinum and gold, for example. Type Element (Minerals/Ores of) Mineral Classification
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The six platinum group elements (PGEs); ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir) and platinum (Pt), together with gold and silver have been considered to be "precious" metals. Platinum was first discovered in the 16th century in the Choco district of Columbia ( McDonald, 1960 ).
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Sahu, P., Jena, M. S., Mandre, N. R., & Venugopal, R. (2020). Platinum Group Elements Mineralogy, Beneficiation, and Extraction Practices - An Overview.
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2. Geology. In South Africa, the PGM ore is mined in the western and eastern limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex [].Within the Bushveld Igneous Complex, the Merensky reef, the Platreef and Upper Group 2 (UG2) reef are exploited for platinum production [1, 4, 9].Merensky and Platreef have similar chemical and mineral composition [6, 10].These reefs typically have fairly low contents of sulphides.
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Platinum Group Minerals (PGM) occur in three distinct textural environments: (1) at the boundary of sulphides and silicates/hydrosilicates, (2) entirely enclosed within sulphides, and (3) entirely enclosed within silicate or hydrosilicate minerals.
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A variety of usually iron-free Platinum enriched with Palladium up to 20 and more mas.%. WE RELY ON YOU! Mindat is for everyone - and it ... Mineralogist, 40, 341-355. Cabri, L. J., Oberthür, T., & Keays, R. R. (2022). Origin and depositional history of platinum-group minerals in placers-A critical review of facts and fiction. Ore Geology ...
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The platinum group (alternatively, the platinum group metals or platinum metals) is a collective name sometimes used for six metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table. These elements are all transition metals, lying in the d-block (groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6 — in Mendeleev 's original table, this area was called ...
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Platinum is a commercially valuable metallic native element, prized for its physical resistance to chemical and temperature assault, its ductility and malleability, and its utility in enabling catalytic reactions. It is also a precious metal and in the natural form also a rare collecting asset. Crystal Structure of Platinum
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The key role of process mineralogy is recognised in the publication and demonstrated in a paper on the mineralogy and behaviour of the platinum group metals during processing of the Noril'sk ores by M.Z. Komarova and colleagues. The text runs to 844 pages and, surprisingly, it has no subject index.
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The Bushveld Complex (BC), located in northern South Africa, is a Paleoproterozoic Large Igneous Province ~2 Ga in age. It is the world's largest layered mafic intrusion and boasts the highest concentration of Platinum Group Elements (PGE). The Bushveld Complex contains 75%, 54%, and 82% of global Platinum, Palladium, and Rhodium resources ...
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Crystals are rare, but when found they are cubic. Most platinum for commercial use is recovered from primary deposits. Native platinum typically contains iron and metals such as palladium, iridium, and rhodium. Cell Data: Space Group: Fm3m. a = 3.9231 Z = 4. Name: From the Spanish platina, diminutive of plata, silver.
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Global Mineral Resource Assessment Platinum-Group Elements in Southern Africa—Mineral Inventory and an Assessment of Undiscovered Mineral ... Zientek, M.L., Causey, J.D., Parks, H.L., and Miller, R.J., 2014, Platinum-group elements in southern Africa—Mineral inventory and an assessment of undiscovered mineral resources: U.S. Geological ...
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Over 100 minerals contain PGEs as an essential component. PGM Extraction and Refinement Techniques. PGM extraction and refinement is also a capital- and labor-intensive process. According to the International Platinum Group Metals Association (IPA), it can take as long as six months from initial mining activities to produce the final metal. PGM ...
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platinum group metals from other ores in the final stages of refining does not make the rock platinum ore. Although no one can predict the future, the present knowledge of the geology, mineralogy and economics of platinum and Arizona are not conducive to the discovery of producible quantities of platinum group metal ores in Arizona.
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Platinum is a chemical element with the symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal.Its name originates from Spanish platina, a diminutive of plata "silver".. Platinum is a member of the platinum group of elements and group 10 of the periodic table of elements.It has six naturally occurring isotopes.
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Breaking news source for Platinum Group metals along with prices, quotes and research from qualified sources daily including exchanges. Platinum Group Metals News - MineralPrices Updates, prices and research
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Russia and South Africa are the world’s leading producers of platinum group elements (PGEs). This places them in a unique position regarding the supply of these two key industrial commodities. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative high-level overview of aspects of the geological occurrence, mineralogy, and processing by flotation of the platinum group minerals (PGMs ...
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Microscopic and SEM examination shows that the platinum-group minerals (PGM) in the weathered zone have undergone varying degrees of alteration. Pt-Rh-Cu-S, an unnamed but a common PGM in the UG2, shows distinct alteration characteristics. Where a PGM, usually cooperite (PtS), was observed, it was
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Platinum group metals (PGM) consist of iridium (Ir), osmium (Om), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), and ruthenium (Ru). The major sources of PGM are sulfide and arsenide minerals. The platinum group metals market is segmented by metal type, application, and geography.
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The Platinum Group Minerals The investigation of 30 polished sections by reflected-light microscopy at 250-800X magnification, allowed the identification of more than 400 PGM up to 80 ˜m in size. The mineralogical study of PGM grains by electron . microscope and microprobe confirmed that the
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The Mineral platinum Platinum is the rarest and most expensive of the popular precious metals. It is much rarer then Gold. Due to its rarity and value, it is not readily available to mineral collectors and is seldom represented in in all but the highest-end mineral collections. Natural Platinum is fairly impure.
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The platinum-group elements (PGE) include platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium. These metals have similar physical and chemical properties and occur together in nature. The properties of PGE, such as high melting points, corrosion resistance, and catalytic qualities, make them indispensable to many industrial applications.
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Platinum group elements, also known as PGEs, are a group of elements that have specific properties which make them useful for various applications in industry. One geologic setting that contains large concentrations of platinum group elements is layered mafic intrusions.
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Three groups of alloy minerals are described: (1) Os-Ir-Ru compositions, which predominate, (2) Pt-Fe compositions of a Pt 3 Fe stoichiometry, and (3) Pt-Au-Cu alloys, which likely crystallized in the sequence from Au- (Cu)-bearing platinum, Pt (Au,Cu), Pt (Cu,Au), and PtAuCu 2, to PtAu 4 Cu 5.
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Why Mining Platinum Group Metals Can Be Fraught with Difficulty. The Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) are made up platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru) and osmium (Os). These metals are desirable in the marketplace due to their value to the industrial, electronic, medical, and especially now, the automotive markets.
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View: Source Q2'22 saw the resurgence of exceptionally strong import volume into China. The World Platinum Investment Council (WPIC) said, despite resilience in the automotive, jewellery and industrial sectors, combined with reduced mining and recycling supply, a reduction in ETF holdings and exchange stocks saw a platinum surplus in Q2'22 of 349 koz, and the forecast 2022 surplus increase ...
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Since the 1920s, mining has recovered 7,200 and 107 metric tons of platinum-group elements from the Bushveld Complex and the Great Dyke, respectively. The large layered intrusions in southern Africa—the Bushveld Complex and the Great Dyke—are now and will continue to be a major source of the world's supply of PGE.
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A group of six metallic elements: Iridium, Osmium, Palladium, Platinum, Rhodium, and Ruthenium and their various natural alloys. The platinum-group elements often occur in native form, often together and are often alloyed with each other and iron or other metals. They are frequently referred to in the literature as the PGE's.
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Introduction. In any given sample, platinum-group minerals (PGMs) are typically sparse and inconspicuous. Grain sizes are mostly <10 µm and the light microscopy appearance is usually bright white, despite diverse chemical compositions including alloys, sulfides, tellurides, and/or arsenides (examples given by Cabri et al., Reference Cabri, Kojonen, Gervilla, Oberthür, Weiser, Johanson, Sie ...
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The three elements above the platinum group in the periodic table ( iron, nickel and cobalt) are all ferromagnetic; these, including the lanthanide element gadolinium, are the only known transition metals with this property. [citation needed] Contents 1 History 2 Properties and uses 3 Occurrence 4 PGM minerals 4.1 Platinum 4.2 Osmium 4.3 Iridium
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18 valid mineral species. Total: 34 valid species containing essential Platinum. Geochemistry of Platinum. Goldschmidt classification: Siderophile. Pt2+ is enriched in Ca-Al-rich inclusions in meteorites relative to the composition of the solar system. Elemental Abundance for Platinum.
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South Africa is famous for its rich mineral resources. It has many kinds of mineral resources, such as manganese, platinum group metal, andalusite, gold, chromium, fluorite, diamond, vanadium and so on. At present, there are more than 70 kinds of minerals that have been proved reserves and exploited. With a total value of more than the US $200 ...
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2. Literature review on platinum-group minerals 2.1. Platinum-group element mineralogy 2.1.1. Introduction The distribution of PGEs (platinum-group elements) in an ore is directly related to the type of ore, which in turn, dictates the mineralogical constitution. PGE ores can be divided into the following main classes (Stribrny et al., 2000):
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Corpus ID: 234170263 The Geological Occurrence, Mineralogy, and Processing by Flotation of Platinum Group Minerals (PGMs) in South Africa and Russia C. O'connor, T. Alexandrova Published 7 January 2021 Geology Minerals Russia and South Africa are the world's leading producers of platinum group elements (PGEs).
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Zwartsfontein, Transvaal, South Africa. Formula. Pt. Size. SmCabinet 6x2.5x4.5cm. Sample of a Pyroxenite, a general name given to a rock composed primarily of one or more Pyroxene minerals, which presumably contains microscopic Platinum Group Metals including Platinum and Palladium. Although I couldn't find much on the Zwartsfontein locality ...
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Sulfide- and chromite-bearing samples of the Basal and Ultramafic series of the Stillwater Complex are known to contain elevated concentrations of platinum-group elements (PGE). Thin sections were prepared from drill core and surface samples from the Chrome and Iron Mountain areas. Core samples are from exploration drilling programs by AMAX in the 1960s and 1970s and Beartooth Platinum in 2004-200
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The Platinum Group Minerals The investigation of 30 polished sections by reflected-light microscopy at 250-800X magnification, allowed the identification of more than 400 PGM up to 80 ˜m in size. The mineralogical study of PGM grains by electron
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Platinum-Group Elements in Southern Africa—Mineral Inventory and an Assessment of Undiscovered Mineral Resources By Michael L. Zientek, J. Douglas Causey, Heather L. Parks, and Robert J. Miller Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5090-Q U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary
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Palladium-Platinum Series. Note that true native platinum in the mineralogical species sense is a rather rare mineral, and most of the specimens so ...
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Platinum-Group Minerals from the Nuasahi Ultramafic-Mafic Complex, Orissa, India Mondal, Sisir K.; Baidya, Tapan K. Mineralogical Magazine, Volume 61 (6) - Dec 1, 1997 Read Article Download PDF Share Full Text for Free (beta) 5 pages Article Details Recommended References Bookmark Add to Folder Cite Social Times Cited: Web of Science Journals /
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